Thomas Jefferson Essay examples -- essays research papers

Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743 to Peter and Jane Jefferson. His exact place of birth is not known. But it is believed to be about five miles outside of Charlottesville. He had ten brothers and sisters, but many of them died very young. Jefferson was one of two surviving sons. He was sandy-haired, tall, and awkward. His nickname was â€Å"Long Tom.† He really enjoyed outdoor activities, especially riding, shooting, and canoeing. Jefferson was also great musician and a diligent worker who loved to study. His father impressed upon him a love of reading and writing. Although he was not a great public speaker, Jefferson was a very eloquent writer. After his father’s death, Jefferson left for school in Williamsburg. He fell in love there many times, but did not marry until he entered law school. He met and fell in love with a twenty-one year old widow named Martha Skelton, they married in 1772. The couple had six children, but three died in infancy. By all accou nts, they had a very happy marriage. â€Å"The young couple was exceedingly happy and exceedingly busy†¦[they were] gay and loving†(Padover, 23). Early in their marriage they were very wealthy. The Jefferson’s were one of the largest land owners in Virginia by the time Tom was in his late twenties. Partly because of Tom’s hard work, but mainly because of the large amount of land and money left to them by Martha’s father in his will.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his thirties, Jefferson was Virginia’s delegate to congre...

Program

Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program: â€Å"Kaya ng Pinoy tumawid sa Kaunlaran† One afternoon, I bought chips and drinks in a mini-mart. I fall in a long line with people who are too busy checking up their groceries. I heard one talking about the money that they have to budget in a week or two that in some sort helps them in their living. The cash that they had was from a program. I was too curious about the program that they were talking about, what comes next was I found myself talking to one of these people about the program. The Bridge of the Filipino PeoplePantawid Pamilya Pilipino Program is one of government’s programs that aims to reduce the number of poor Filipinos through helping them in health and education particularly children who suffer at ages 0-14. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program provides cash subsidies to poor households in the country with zero to 14 years old children. It provides a P500 monthly allowance per household and P300 monthly per chil d under the health and education package respectively granted that the beneficiaries follow the set conditions of the program on health and education.Included in the program conditions are regular health checkups for children, pre- and post-natal checkups for pregnant women, 85 percent school attendance for children, and attendance on family development sessions monthly of parent-beneficiaries. Further, because of several factors that affect the indigenous people’s welfare – among which are cultural belief, isolation and lack of education, there is a need to establish links with non-government organizations, concerned local government units, and Civil Society Organizations to provide services and ensure the general welfare of the said group and address their specific concerns.Also, the DSWD Field Office IV-A reported that more frequent monitoring is being conducted to the group to ensure high compliance of the said families to program conditions and high involvement in the program activities. Other services being provided to the said groups are supplemental feeding, literacy class, livelihood projects, and birth registration. The program covers 17 regions, 80 provinces, 733 cities/municipalities including Lipa City. All in all, there are 1 million poor households covered in the program. Objectives of Pantawid ProgramFirst is eradating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and empowering women. It provides assistance to the poor to alleviate their immediate needs and break the intergenerational cycle of poverty investment in human capital such as education, health and nutrition. The program aims to respond on the basic needs of the poor families through financial assistance and to elevate the poor through helping poor families in terms of their health, nutrition and education. Procedure on Beneficiaries selection:The DSWD-Region IV-A hired personnel for the survey of Lipenos last 2009. The fol lowing filled up form will proceed to Proxy Means Test (PMP). A machine that will determine the socio-economic category of families or either the families is poorest household. Third quarter of 2011, the DSWD Region IVA, provide us a copy of master list of eligible household with a total of 9,201 families/ Fourth quarter of 2011, we assisted the DSWD staff for organization of Assemblies for validation of household at PVM School and Marawoy-wherein our constituent submitted birth certificate, marriage contract, barangay clearance and 2 valid ID’s.From 9,201 household, 7,323 are complied with the requirements of the program. (1,878 not passed) Memorandum of agreement was signed by the Mayor. Identification card was given to qualified beneficiaries. There is only one design of the ID distributed to 72 barangay by the DSWD Central Office. The distribution of ID was done 2nd week to 3rd week of March simultaneously to cope with the scheduled of the pay out on March 27-31, 2012 for the month of January and February 2012.The amount of grant for the said month will be given on a cash basis at Landbank, Marawoy, lipa City by presenting the Identification Card issued. The program provides conditional cash to beneficiaries through Landbank. What are the Pantawid Benefits Health and Nutrition grant were P500. 00 per household and a total of 6,000 per year or yearly. In education, 300. 00 per month will be given per child for 10 months a year to a maximum of 3 children per household. A household with 3 qualified children (5-14 years old) will received a total of P900. 0 as long as they comply with the conditionality’s. Based on the category the amount to be received by the beneficiaries for a month were 500, 800, 1,100 and 1400 (based on the approved beneficiaries of the program) Last January and February the program have a total of 15,079,000. 00 grant to 7,323 Lipenos. The Conditionalities (Co-responsibilities of household beneficiaries) For the nutrition o f children 0-5 years old, the beneficiary should visit the city health center to avail immunization.They should also have a monthly weight monitoring and nutrition counselling for the children age 0-2 years old and have quarterly weight monitoring for the age 25-37 weeks old. Lastly, they should have management of childhood disease for sick children 6-14 years old and must receive de worming pills twice a year. For the education of children ages 3-5 years old, they should be enrolled in day care of pre-school program and maintain a class attendance rate of at least 85% per month.For the children 6-14 years old they should also be enrolled in Elementary and Secondary School and maintain a class attendance rate of at least 85% per month. Aside from that, the parents or the guardian have their own responsibility. They must attend family development session at least once a month. They should participate in a community activities, (cleanliness drive, etc. ) and promote and strengthen the implementation of the program. â€Å"Pantawid Tulong† for the lipeno Families As of August 2012, there are 7, 290 lipeno grantees of Pantawid PamilyaProgram and they are monitored every 2 months. The support of the City Mayor, Hon. Meynard A. Sabili to the implementation of the program was continuous as he personally participates in all of the activities of the program. He acted like a father caring to 7, 329 children and always reminding them of the Pantawid contionalities and how to be a good parent to their children. â€Å"Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is a blessing to our family. I found a new partner to help me sustain the needs of my children.. † Ate Elsa said, one of the program’s beneficiary. -Yvette Landicho

The Capm Assumptions Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1042 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Given the paradox between the complexities of the real world, in order to construct good models, those complexities having little effect of the model should be assumed away. A theory is usually validated when it is based on empirical accuracy of its predictions rather than on the realism of its assumptions. The major assumptions of the CAPM are listed as follows: Investors aim at the maximization of utility from holding wealth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Capm Assumptions Essay Online For Free" essay for you Create order Investors selection criteria of investment opportunities are based on expected return and risk. All investors have a risk adverse attitude and behave rationally. Investors choose investment opportunities set based on expected return and risk. Expected returns follow a normal distribution. The lending and borrowing process is unlimited at a common interest rate. No transactions costs are entailed in the trading of securities. Taxes on dividends and capital gains are at similar rates. 3.2 The Capital Market Line In order to represent the set of portfolios that investors would choose in equilibrium through the stated assumptions above, an opportunity set of all risky portfolios is drawn where with the inclusion of a risk free rate asset, the combination of the risk free asset with any risky portfolios is made possible. Expected return Iii Ii Capital market line Rm Opportunity set M Rf ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢m Standard deviation Figure 1 In an equilibrium state, investors prefer a composition of the risk free asset and one risky portfolio that provides the maximum expected return for any given level of variance that is hold efficient portfolios. Such a condition is labeled M in the above diagram, where capital market line (the vertical line starting at the risk free rate of return) meets the opportunity set of risky assets. One of the unparalleled characteristic of the CML is that investors would not want to move beyond point M. That is, investors cannot improve upon the alternatives by this set of portfolios otherwise the market would not be in equilibrium and arbitrage would occur. 3.3 The Security Market Line Sharpe and Lintner developed a framework to describe the relationship between expected returns and the risk associated with securities with the following equation which is in its ex-ante form: E (ri) = rf + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² [E (rm) rf] (1) In simpler terms, the above equation (1) shows that the expected return on an asset which is equal to the risk free rate of return plus a risk premium. The risk premium is the price of risk (slope of the line) multiplied by the quantity of risk which is the systematic risk (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²). Equation (1) propounds that in the equilibrium state, an asset with zero systematic risk (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²=0) will have expected return just equal to that on the riskless asset rf , and expected return on all risky securities (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² 0) will be higher by the risk premium which is directly proportional to their risk as measured by ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ². Such a relation is graphed through the Security Market Line (SML) in the below diagr am (figure 2) with expected returns on the vertical axis and beta on the horizontal axis. The SML shows a positive linear relationship between beta and expected return and the intercept is equal to the risk free rate. Expected Return Security market line Rm M Rf Figure 2 Beta It important to note that efficient portfolios are usually plot on the CML and Figure 3 provides two diagrams which portrays the relationship between the CML and the SML. Point A represents an efficient portfolio A which lies on the CML and point B is an inefficient portfolio outside the CML. However, both portfolios have similar expected return and beta value. Note that the CML concentrates on portfolio standard deviation rather than beta. E(R) E(R) A A, B E (RA) =E (RB) B Rf Rf Figure 3 ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢B ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²A = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²B An efficient portfolio is said to have lesser standard deviation of returns than the inefficient portfolio given equal expected returns. The excess standard deviation associated with the inefficient portfolio is called diversifiable risk or unsystematic risk. Investors are not compensated for this kind of risk because in a state of equilibrium, investors only hold efficien t portfolios. Hence it can be perceived that the CAPM is effective in the pricing of all assets whether they demonstrate efficiency or not but the CML only prices efficient portfolios. 3.4 The transition from the ex-ante to the ex-post model As incorporated in the overall study, equation (2)ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ is denoted as an ex-ante or a forward-looking model which uses entirely historical data for the testing purposes. However, a contradiction is formed upon this belief of historical data as there is no proof that the rates of return expected in the future will automatically be equal to realized rates of return over the past periods. Moreover, it should be acclaimed that historical beta may or may not mirror expected future risk. Hence the need to traverse from the ex-ante principles to the ex-post is felt in order to better test for CAPM. The ex-post model specifies some return generating process by assuming that the rate of return on an asset follows a fair game. The fair game signifies that, on average, across a large number of samples the expected return on an asset equals its actual return and is explained as follows: ri = E (ri) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²iÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´m + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi (..) Where, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´m = rm E (rm) E (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´m) = 0 ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi = a random error term Cov (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi , ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´m ) = 0 Cov (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi , ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi t-1 ) = 0 ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i = systematic risk Note that since CAPM assumes that asset returns are jointly normal, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i in the fair game model behaves exactly as in the CAPM model and the market model must hold. Equation (..) assumes that if expected return is taken on both sides, the average realized return is equal to the expected return: E (ri) = E (ri) Substituting E (ri) from the CAPM into (,,) yields: ri = { rf + [ E (rm) ] ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i [ rm E (rm) ] + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi ri = rf + (rm rf) ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi Substracting the risk free rate from both sides: ri rf = (rm rf) ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²i + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi (..) Equation (..) represents the ex-post model of the CAPM. One important difference between the ex-ante theoretical model and the ex-post model is that the latter can present a negative slope while the former cannot because the theoretical CAPM must have a higher expected return on the market than the risk free rate of return.

Math 540 - 4111 Words

FIN 534 – Financial Management (Prerequisite: ACC 557 or ACC 560) COURSE DESCRIPTION Introduces the concepts of finance. Reviews the basic tools and their use for making financial decisions. Explains how to measure and compare risks across investment opportunities. Analyzes how the firm chooses the set of securities it will issue to raise capital from investors as well as how the firm’s capital structure is formed. Examines how the choice of capital structure affects the value of the firm. Presents valuation and integrate risk, return and the firm’s choice of capital structure. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS Required Resources Brigham, E. F., Ehrhardt, M. C. (2014). Financial management (14th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.†¦show more content†¦All Rights Reserved. This document contains Strayer University Confidential and Proprietary information and may not be copied, further distributed, or otherwise disclosed in whole or in part, without the expressed written permission of Strayer University. FIN 534 Student Version 1138 (1138 8-30-2013) Final Page 2 of 11 FIN 534 – Financial Management o ï‚ · ï‚ · Chapter 3: Analysis of Financial Statements Scenario e-Activity o Use the Internet to research instances where a company’s financial ratios did not align with those of other firms that operate within the same industry. Be prepared to discuss. Activities ï‚ · Discussions Evaluation ï‚ · Homework o Homework problems for Chapters 2 and 3 can be found in the course shell Quiz 1: Chapter 1 Reading(s) o Chapter 4: Time Value of Money o Chapter 5: Bond, Bond Valuation, and the Interest Rates Scenario 20 50 60 ï‚ · 3 ï‚ · Preparation ï‚ · ï‚ · e-Activity o Complete the e-Activity after reviewing the weekly scenario. Use the Internet to search for possible bonds that TFC could invest in to potentially increase its cash position. Be prepared to discuss. Activities ï‚ · Discussions Evaluation ï‚ · Homework o Homework problems for Chapters 4 and 5 can be found in the course shell Quiz 2: Chapters 2 and 3 Reading(s) o Chapter 6: Risk and Return o Chapter 7: ValuationShow MoreRelatedMath 5406674 Words   |  27 PagesIntroduction to Management Science, 11e (Taylor) Chapter 1 Management Science 1) Management science involves the philosophy of approaching a problem in a subjective manner. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2 Section Heading: The Management Science Approach to Problem Solving Keywords: scientific approach AACSB: Analytic skills 2) Management science techniques can be applied only to business and military organizations. 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Steele contemplates stereotypes as something that can hold a large amount of power over many people and groups because of their identity. This contemplation may be because people are constantly worried about what they may be categorized as and howRead MoreMath Statistics Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesand unimodal. The summary statistics for the OB Math SAT scores are as follow: the number of values is 287, the mean of the data is 553.62369, the standard deviation is of approximately 65.984512, the median of the data is 540, the range of the data is 390, the minimum value is 360, the maximum value is 750, the first qua rtile of the data is 510, and the second quartile of the data is 590. To calculate the percent of students that had an SAT math score higher than 560, I used the z-score formulaRead MoreIs Holly Grove High School?1430 Words   |  6 Pagescan be an absolute zero. (Salkind, 2017). 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On a personal level, I find this to be extremely important, as I hold a deep value for allRead MoreGb560 Unit 6 Essay679 Words   |  3 PagesUnit 5 Assignment Charles Murphy GB-540 9-10 The earnings, dividends, and stock price of Shelby Inc. are expected to grow at 7% per year in the future. Shelby’s common stock sells for $23 per share, its last dividend was $2.00, and the company will pay a dividend of $2.14 at the end of the current year. a. Using discounted cash flow approach, what is the cost of equity? Using the formula of ks = [pic] + g, you would take the cost dividend($2.14) divided by the stock share price ofRead MoreThe Best Public Relations Team1177 Words   |  5 Pagesinternship with them or only except a master’s degree. Valdosta State University is one of the best schools in the the state of Georgia to get a degree in business. The admission requirements are SAT scores of critical reading of 470-560, math of 460-540, reading - 440-540 (College Search - Valdosta State University - VSU.). Calculating for the cost of a master’s degree over six years the approximate cost would be $132,852. A great sunny college for out of state learning would be The University of FloridaRead MoreWhat Is Hagwon Offers Better Opportunities For South Korean Students Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pages2012 Program for International Student Assessment mean score chart, South Korean students’ scores are a lot higher than the United States and OECD Average. The mathematics mean score is about 555, reading is about 535 and science is nearly reached 540. From the statistics above, we can see that supplemental education really offers South Korean students better opportunities since their examination scores are very important for them to be successful in the future. But on the other hand, South KoreanRead MoreLiterature Review On The United States1780 Words   |  8 Pagescomprehension (540). Teachers and other professionals have also noticed that many Hispanic ELLs are able to decode a word, but have low comprehension skills (Quirk Beem, 2012, p. 540). Students who fall under that category, teachers will refer them as word callers. Word callers are defined as, â€Å"a student who reads with adequate fluency, but with limited comprehension: that is a student can call out words in a text, but without fully understanding their meaning† (Quirk Beem, 2012, p. 540). For instance

Rhetorical Analysis Of Frederick Douglass Speech - 838 Words

Frederick Douglass was a freed slave in the 1800’s who was famous for his ability to read and write, uncommon of a black man at the time. On July 4th, 1852, he gave a speech to citizens of the United States. In this speech, he called out the â€Å"hypocrisy of the nation†(Douglass), questioning the nations treatment of slaves on a supposed day of independence. Frederick Douglass effectively uses rhetorical strategies to construct his argument and expose the hypocrisy of the nation. One of the rhetorical strategies that Douglass uses extremely effectively is the use of rhetorical questions. He has many of them scattered throughout the speech and they’re meant to make the audience question the nation and their own ways. He begins by asking â€Å"Why†¦show more content†¦This is hypocritical in that the white men make these values and traditions a staple of their lives, yet when it comes to slaves, they seem to go away. He also believes that, though he wil l use â€Å"the severest language†(Douglass) he can, he firmly believes that â€Å"not one word shall escape me that any man whose†¦ not blinded by prejudice, or†¦ a slave-holder, shall not confess to be right and just†(Douglass). So he sincerely believes that the average human being also knows that the treatment of slaves is unjust and unethical, but they choose not to act on these thoughts. His view, coming from the eyes and thoughts of slaves across America, show how hypocritical the nation actually is in both one sided values and not acting upon their knowledge that what is going on is wrong. Frederick Douglass also uses the point that slaves are human, and are treated as such except in the ways of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. He knows that â€Å"nobody doubts it. The slaveholders themselves acknowledge it in the enactment of laws for their government†(Douglass). He says that there are laws forbidding things such as reading and writi ng to slaves, yet there is nothing of the sort that in reference to animals or other things one can one. In fact, the slaves are proven human just because nature itself treats them as such. Douglass states, â€Å"When theShow MoreRelatedThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1479 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Behind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of the 19th century. With his oratorical appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the citizens of Rochester to be aware of the hypocrisyRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass Context1480 Words   |  6 PagesBehind Frederick Douglass context, Douglass was a former slave who became one of the most successful abolitionist of 19th century. With his oratorical and literacy appeals, in 1852, Douglass delivered a speech that changed the views of millions over the Fourth of July. By using the experience Douglas has encountered as a slave, the historical context to support his argument and certain rhetorical devices, Douglass remarks a speech in order for the leading citizens of Rochester to be aware of theRead MoreSlaves Narratives: Frederick Douglass, Olaudah Equiano Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesSojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano all have extremely interesting slave narratives. During their lives, they faced plenty of racist discrimination and troubling moments. They were all forced into slavery at an awfully young age and they all had to fight for their freedom. In 1797, Truth was born into slavery in New York with the name of Isabella Van Wagener. She was a slave for most of her life and eventually got emancipated. Truth was an immense women’s suffrage activist. SheRead MoreSummary Of The World We Live 1594 Words   |  7 Pagesthe simple history of our country and how slavery played a huge role in our countries making. In week two of our class my classmate Katherine Alvarez spoke about Fredrick Douglass and how he expressed how sad that a country once enslaved by another c ould be hypocritical and tolerate slavery of its people. This shows that Douglass knew that othering is not something that can be dismissed easily nor without heartfelt emotions. Our nation was enslaved by others, in turn to enslave a portion of its ownRead MoreEssay on Rhetorical Analysis of Artifact: The Ballot or the Bullet2568 Words   |  11 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Artifact: The Ballot or the Bullet Speech Given by Malcolm X I. Introduction: Though almost half a century has passed, the Civil Rights Movement remains one freshly imprinted in not only the history books of US schools but also in the minds of countless Americans. Albeit, American society has come quite a ways in the acceptance of the individual - regardless of sex, age, creed or ethnicity - prejudices of different sorts are still to be foundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 1970 Words   |  8 Pagesoffers a plethora of this device such as the symbolism of the Mississippi River and the raft as Huck and Jim’s safe haven, the diverse forms of colloquial speech of the characters they encounter, and the extensive figurative language. Requiring students to examine these devices can develop their literary skills, including interpretation and analysis. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not merely a brilliantly written novel, but it is a land mine for academic and literary growth among students. Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageslamentable. Taken together, the key themes and processes that have been selected as the focus for each of the eight essays provide a way to conceptualize the twentieth century as a coherent unit for teaching, as well as for written narrative and analysis. Though they do not exhaust the crucial strands of historical development that tie the century together—one could add, for example, nationalism and decolonization—they cover in depth the defining phenomena of that epoch, which, as the essays demonstrate

Intercultural Communication Of Emily Visiting Japan †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Intercultural Communication A Case Study Of Emily Visiting Japan To Meet Mr. Hamasaki For A Business Meeting. Answer: Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication refers to communication involving two individuals who are from different cultural origin or linguistics. It involved conversation with a person of different background(Dervin, 2011). Understanding intercultural communication enables individuals to acquire abilities to deal with across culture with engaging with an individual from another culture. Therefore, intercultural communication techniques act as survival tactics for successful communication when meeting business partners or potential arrays in a foreign country. The following essay analysis Japanese business etiquette and steps that Emily who is an Australian has to follow in her visit to Japan in order to create favorable first impression to Mr. Hamasaki. The essay will also define ethnorelativism, outline Hofstede dimensions and areas of potential cross culture miscommunication. In addition, the essay will recommend suitable adjustments that Emily will make to increase success when meeting Mr. Ham asaki. Japanese business etiquette can be analyzed in terms of appearance, behavior, and communication. Japanese place high level to appearance of an individual when conducting business. They value appropriateness and impression that the counterpart in business appears in(Dunn, 2013). The following are the generally accepted appearance in Japanese business code; first the dressing code should be impressive and matching status. For women, they are not allowed to wear pants when meeting for business purpose. Secondly, women are supposed to wear low heeled shoes and the dress should be conservative. Thirdly, one should not blow ones nose in public or even point in public. Japanese business behaviors in business meeting include the following; first, whoever hosts the business meeting is the one to pay for the meal or drink and incase one wants to pay has to insist. Secondly, there is no entertainment in Japanese home for visitors. Thirdly, there is no openly displaying of money in Japan. Another behavior in Japanese business behavior is that tipping is not allowed in business discussions because it has different meaning compared to western societies. Lastly, gifts are important in business and should be given at the end of the meeting. The following business communication etiquettes are generally accepted in Japan; first, business cards are used in every business meeting. The handling and receiving of business cards should be in both hands and show of appreciation. Business meetings cannot also begin before the business cards exchange process is complete. Secondly, greetings are done by bowing which as to be equivalent to how low the counterpart bow. Thirdly, there is preference in Japan not to use the word no. Introduction has to be done with the last name. They prefer calling individuals by their last name. Lastly, one should avoid using the number 4 because it signifies bad luck in Japan. Hofstede dimensions analysis on Japanese cultures enables understanding of the drives of the Japanese culture compared to other world cultures. These dimensions include; individualism, power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long term orientation and indulgence. The first dimension is individualism. The degree of interdependency in the Japanese society is low compared to western societies. The society has characteristics of a collective society where the interests of the groups are placed higher compared to individual interests (De Mooij, Hofstede, 2010). The second dimension is masculinity. The Japanese society is amongst the most masculine society in the world. Competition is group based where employees enjoy competing in teams. The society also has a strong drive to excellence and perfection in material services, material production, and presentation. These factors are evident in every aspect of their life. The third dimension is uncertainty avoidance. The Japanese society is amongst the countries that have high level of uncertainty avoidance in the whole world. Japanese are highly conscious about the future uncertainty and prepare themselves for uncertain events. The fourth dimension is power distance. Japanese are highly hierarchical a nd are very cautious about their position and status. Decisions have to be confirmed form the headquarters (Winther-Tamaki, Yoshida, 2016). In addition, the society has an education system that equals all people in terms of opportunities and achievement. The fifth dimension is long term orientation. Japanese society is long term oriented. Japanese perception is life is based on the short moment that they have in the story of mankind. In business, individuals like investing in long term investments (Okoro, 2012). The sixth dimension is indulgence. The Japan society culture is characterized by low score of indulgence. They have a culture of restraint. People tend to show control and do not emphasis on leisure time. There is a perception that involving in foreign activities that are outside their social norms is wrong (Abe, 2009). Ethnorelativism is an ability acquired that enables one to be comfortable with other peoples culture and standards and easily adapt ones behavior to different interpersonal setting. Ethnorelativism enables one to understand that there is no culture superior compared to another culture(Wang, 2013). The ethnorelativism skills will enable Emily to accept, understand, and cope with the Japanese business etiquette. The process has three steps. They include; acceptance, adaptations and integration. The first step is acceptance that involves accepting other cultures despite not liking it. This step involves acknowledging the differences though disagreeing to do what is done in the culture. The second step involves adaptation of intercultural empathy. This requires an individual to interpret and evaluate information from other cultural perspectives. One has to have different perception about issues in order to get other peoples judgment. This process enables one to adapt to different cultura l way of interpreting and evaluating activities, actions, and information. The last step is the last one and involves assimilation of the cultures. It involves acculturation and acting in perception of a respective culture. This stage enables one to be effective in communication and business etiquette when involved in intercultural business meeting. There are several differences in appearance and behavior in Japanese business etiquette that can cause miscommunication and affect the effectiveness of the business meeting(Williams, 2017). The following are areas of potential miscommunications that can happen to Emily when in a meeting with Mr. Hamasaki; first is the use of the word OK. The word OK means money in Japanese. Therefore, Emily should avoid using the word OK in the conversation since it can means money to Mr. Hamasaki. Secondly is smiling during in a meeting. When a person smiles in the Japanese culture, it has a double meaning. Smiling can mean joy or displeasure. Therefore, smiling during the meeting, Emily should be cautions and avoid smiling to avoid misunderstanding. Lastly is the act of frowning. The act of frowning in Japanese is taken as display of affection. This is different from Australia which that shows disapproval or displeasure. The following are recommendable adjustments that Emily can do to enhance the success of favorable first impression; first, Emily should avoid tipping. Though tipping is allowed in western societies, it not allowed in Japan even in the hot debates. Secondly, Emily should wear conservative dress and have business cards in order to create first favorable impression. Thirdly, Emily should bow low when meeting Mr. Hamasaki and should not be the first to give a handshake. Emily should also avoid using gestures when talking with Mr. Hamasaki. This is because Japanese done use gestures when talking. From the analysis and discussion in this essay, it evident that there are several differences between Japanese culture and western society cultures. The Japanese culture is distinct and therefore, there is need to understand, accept, adopt, and integrate when planning to meet Japanese people in order to make favorable impression. From the analysis in this essay, Emily will be required to make adjustments that will enable her make good impression to Mr. Hamasaki during the business meeting. Therefore it can be concluded that intercultural communication is an important aspect to understand, accept, adopt and integrate when visiting a different culture for business meeting and achieve predetermined objectives. Bibliography Abe, E. (2009). Alfred Chandler's Model of Business Enterprise Structure and the Japanese-Style Enterprise System: Are They Compatible? Japanese Research In Business History, 26, 59-74. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.5029/jrbh.26.59 De Mooij, M., Hofstede, G. (2010). The Hofstede model. International Journal Of Advertising, 29(1), 85-110. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2501/s026504870920104x Dervin, F. (2011). Introducing intercultural communication. Language And Intercultural Communication, 11(4), 408-410. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2011.614551 Dunn, C. (2013). Speaking politely, kindly, and beautifully:. Ideologies of politeness in Japanese business etiquette training. Multilingua,, 32(2). Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mult-2013-0011 Okoro, E. (2012). Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business: Toward a Strategic Framework for Managing Corporate Expansion. International Journal Of Business And Management, 7(16). Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n16p130 Wang, J. (2013). A Framework for Measuring and Meeting Students' Needs in Cross-Cultural Business and Technical Communication. Journal Of Technical Writing And Communication, 43(2), 201-218. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2190/tw.43. Williams, D. (2017, August 2017 5). Japan - Japanese Business Etiquette, Vital Manners, Cross Cultural Communication, and Japan's Geert Hofstede analysis. Retrieved from Cyborlink.com. : https://www.cyborlink.com/besite/japan.htm Winther-Tamaki, B., Yoshida, K. (2016). Intercultural Negotiations of Modern and Contemporary Japanese Visual Culture. Review Of Japanese Culture And Society, 26(1), 1-12. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/roj.2016.0019

Health Care Adequate Medical Care Services

Question: Write an essay on "performance in healthcare sector". Answer: Health improvement greatly depends on primary health care services. It is vital to have an adequate medical care services to enhance the overall health of the population. The comparison of health care management in two different countries might help identify the factors needed to boost up the role of the health care systems in these and other countries that are burdened with high mortality rate, low health status and other related issues. The essay welcomes an opportunity to perform a comparative study on Australia and Canada, in reference to its performance in health care sector. The reason to choose these provinces is that these countries have played a key role in developing a new model in health care organisation. The author will perform a thorough literature search, to analyze several areas of health care such as the governance system, funding system, health indicators, and the performance in health system and the percentage of GDP spent on health. The essay will demonstrate the health care system of the two countries by discussing each of these parameters. The essay will end in conclusion based on the research findings of the study. The leadership and management is the core of the governance in health sector. The rich mix of practitioners, clinicians, policy makers and politicians in health system deals with life and death issues with changing technology and elevating costs. These are the heart of the system which when put together raises governance problems which are sensitive than any other sector. In Australia, both the government and the private based health organisations exist, which provide wide range of services worldwide (Eijkenaar et al., 2013). This province has six states and two territories. The country provides free medical treatment and financial assistance, since the introduction of Medicare, in 1984 (Walls et al., 2012). The universal taxation system funds most of these services (Bourke et al., 2012). Australia is a federated system with equal division of power between the state and central government in health care related matters (Mossialos et al., 2015). Australia is having a commonwealth government, to support the revenue for fiscal transfers and the heath care system, with the main authority being the government in raising the revenue (Papanicolas et al., 2013). The five year health agreements have consolidated improved the commonwealth powers. The health care system in Australia is versatile with its equal distribution of its role and responsibilities in different states of the country (Oderkirk et al., 2013). There is a complex interplay of services in private and public organisation. In Australia, 52 % of the elderly population (above 65 years) possess health insurances, which are estimated to be 1.84 million. It also reflects the total number of population above 65 years old (Kassebaum et al., 2014). Therefore, it indicates the fact that Australia is prepared with effective health care services for older patients, increasing their health insurances (Schoen et al., 2012). The early governance system in Australia is quite different. Then the local governments played a little role in health care provision. Postcolonial settlements changed the scenario when only subscription fees were the finance. Doctors worked in Canada and other states as entrepreneurs. In Canada, there exist a public funded and a cost free health care system. Private institutions provide most of the medical services (Schfer et al., 2015). The quality assurance of the care delivered comes from the government through its federal standards (Schfer et al., 2015). There is no data collection on a daily basis pertaining to the individuals health. The health administration maintains its simplicity by maintaining the provision of cost effective services based on the Medicare system (Nicholson et al., 2012). Out of the total health care associated finances, 30% accounts for the private health expenditure. Canada follows a Single-payer healthcare system (Janssen, 2013). In this system, the state does not pay the cost of the healthcare rather it is taken care by the private insurers. Public as a whole or in part financially supports the single-payer system (Walls et al., 2012). Overall provinces continue to dominate in Canada with new emerging model for taking national initia tives. In Canada, there exists a federal based governance system (Schfer et al., 2015). Although one can expect the governance to have centralised characteristics, the actual scenario is somewhat opposite. The countrys provincial government system deals with formulating laws and regulations specifically for a region. On the other hand, the federal system governs the whole province (Foroughi et al., 2016). The governance system of Australia and Canada has evolved to be similar. The government rule in Australia mandates every individual to caste his or her vote in election, failure of which is punishable (Mossialos et al., 2015). There is a close resemblance in the government system of Australia and Canada pertaining to their British parliamentary system (Turner et al., 2013). The fact that reflects this resemblance is that both the provinces are under the membership of British commonwealth (Schoen et al., 2012). The two countries are further compared to assess any differences present in the health indicators such as low birth weight, asthma, obesity, infant mortality rate, hypertension, maternal mortality rate, life expectancy at birth and cancer. The maternal mortality rate refers to number of deaths of pregnant women due to associated complications and termination of pregnancy per 1000,000, live births. It occurs within the period of 42 days (Schfer et al., 2015). While studying the global maternal death it was found that in Australia, maternal mortality is found to occur rarely. The reports of (Papanicolas et al., 2013) showed that there were 102 maternal deaths in the time span of 2008-2012. This represents the ratio of 7.1 per 100,000 women who had successfully delivered babies (Oderkirk et al., 2013). These deaths lead to mental distress among other women. The maternal mortality rate in Canada was found to be 6.0 per 10,000 deliveries, taken into study the time span of 2008-2010 (Eijkenaar et al., 2013). Later, in the year 2010-2011 it was observed that majority of the deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases, mental disorders, neurological ad digestive problems (Walls et al., 2012). Infant mortality rate was the next health indictor used to compare both the countries. It refers to number of deaths per 1000 live births occurring before an infant completes one year (Janssen, 2013). According to the reports of (Kassebaum et al., 2014) in 2012, around 1034 infant death cases were registered in Australia. It was decrease by the percentage of 8.8 found in year 2010. There is a significant improvement in the infant death rate. There was a mild fluctuation observed since the year 2002, that reported 1270 deaths, which is reduced to 1044 in the year 2012 (Mossialos et al., 2015). In Canada, in 2008 the number of infant deaths, before the age of one was recorded to be 4.9 per 1000 live births. Canada ranks second in the world in terms of infant mortality rate (Eijkenaar et al., 2013). (Source: https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.country.country-AUS?lang=en)The other indicator for describing the health condition of the population is Life Expectancy at Birth. It indicates the mortality rate of the population (Marchildon, 2013). It determines the life span of the individual as per their age and specific rate of death. This parameter has improved for the public in Australia. According to this method, a man born in 2011-2013 would survive for 82 years, whereas a female would survive for 86 years. These number changes to 45.6 and 49.1 years if they are born in 1882-1890 (Janssen, 2013). On contrary, a male born in Canada in 2013, would survive for 83 years and females for 86 years. For both the genders, the life expectancy at birth seems to be augmented from 74 to 80 in the year 1990 to 2012 (Kassebaum et al., 2014). In Australia, the life expectancy decreases with increasing remoteness. Therefore, in indigenous population, the Torres Strait Islanders experienced worse h ealth than any other communities did (Walls et al., 2012). The aboriginals in Canada are in much better position than aboriginals in Australian. Figure: Life Expectancy at Birth in Austarlia Health status refers to the state of physical and mental well being. As per (Marchildon, 2013) Australia is recognised to be one of the healthiest countries in the world. The rate of diseases and associated death occurs rarely in this country (Lecours Bland, 2013). In comparison to Canada, it has low mortality rate. It further augmented the rate of morbidity. Canada receives a B grade, with respect to its overall health performance (Turner et al., 2013). As per the reports of (Marchildon, 2013) Canada stands third in terms of mortality rate. The number of deaths is mainly associated with diabetes and its incidence rate is found to increase (Eijkenaar et al., 2013). Therefore, it has turn out to be a major health concern for the administrators, stakeholders and policy makers. Canada receives A grade in the category of premature mortality, mortality due to circulatory diseases and self-reported health (Kassebaum et al., 2014). It receives B grade in the category of mortality due to re spiratory diseases, life expectancy, mortality due to medical accidents and mortality due to mental disorders (Janssen, 2013).Australia has 5% births resulting in infants with low weight at birth. There were, 17,654 infants born with low weight, which is a percentage of 6.12 (Osborn Squires, 2012). As a result of indigenous population, in Australia, there were 3950 babies born with low weight during the period of 2000-2002. However, in Canada the babies born with low weight constitutes 5.3%. This data was constant during the period of 1980-2010 (Deber, 2014).Since last three decades, there is a growing incidence of obesity and associated complications in Australia (Foroughi et al., 2016). During the time of 2010-2011, 64% of the adult population in Australia were recognised with obesity. In the year 2009, 24% of the children in the age range 3-15 were identified to be obese and overweight (Lecours Bland, 2013). As per the data records of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in the year 2010, the rate of obesity might increase by 67% in coming years for all the age groups (Mossialos et al., 2015). Whereas, in Canada, the study by Deber, (2014) show that one in four adults and one in 10 children suffer from obesity. This accounts for total population of six million. Therefore, it implies for serious health management programs for combating weight gain issues. Canada is in 33rd position in terms of having overweight citizens (Smith et al., 2012). The percentage of the citizens having body mass of 25 in Canada comprises of 60.2% (Nicholson et al., 2012). This percentage has increased since 2006 in children, where the frequency in males was found to be 4-15% and the percentage increase in females showed 3-14% (Smith et al., 2012).As per the statistical data collected by Australian Health Survey, in the year 2010-2011, the Australian adults diagnosed with diabetes were reported to be 9,22,000 (Kassebaum et al., 2014). These individuals we re mainly comprised of age above 20 years. Both type I and type II diabetes is prevalent in this population group. Only 3% of the total population in Australia showed no diabetes and some were unaware of the prevailing condition. 6% of the population reported of their diabetes (Osborn Squires, 2012). The condition in Canada is slightly different. Majority of the patients with diabetes has difficulty in adhering to their medication due to high cost of treatment (Tchouaket et al., 2012). According to the survey conducted by Canadian Diabetes Association, 36% of the patients suffering from diabetes resist from revealing their condition due to social stigma and inferiority complex (Marchildon, 2013). Asthma is the common health issues in Australia with one tenth of individual effect by it. It is commonly found in males and females of age 15 and above (Sussman et al., 2012). The incidence rate of asthma is high in indigenous group in comparison to non-indigenous Australians (Tchouaket et al., 2012). It mainly effects and prominent in the elderly people in remote areas and those with low socioeconomic status and poor living conditions (Turner et al., 2013). A thorough literature research shows that the prevalence of diabetes has increased in Canada since the last two decades (Smith et al., 2012). Although there is a serious effort to ameliorate this issue, one death per two days is observed. The report of hypertension may not be accurate as it was observed in the case of diabetes; Canadians do not self-report about their health issues, although simple remedies can easily cure hypertension. These categories of people constitute around 5% of the total Canadians (Nicholson et al., 201 2).There is a growing concern in Australia, due to increase in cancer cases. In the year 2012, the total number of cancer cases registered was found to be 124,153. The male patients (69,030) were more in number than females (55,123). In 2013, there were 467 cases reported out of every one-lakh individuals for age- standardized occurrence rate. It is estimated that the incidences of cancer will be rising by next decade (Lecours Bland, 2013). The situation is almost same in Canada. The rate of cancer is increasing at an alarming rate. In Canada, there is an increase in three-year occurrence ratio with yearly rate of 3.2% from 1998-2009 and 3.4% that of the five year occurrence ratio, whereas the ten year occurrence ratio was found to be 3.8% ((Nicholson et al., 2012). Figure: Global cancer rates Australian Government along with the state and territory government has taken initiative for performance measurement (Walls et al., 2012). It requires assessing through the health indicators. This step enables that the quality and safety of the health services are improved (Lecours Bland, 2013). Thus, it will help identify any changes that need to be implemented in filling the gap. It requires significant contribution from administrators, taxpayers, stakeholders, health care providers and other contributors. In Australia, some nationally acclaimed bodies function to measure the diverse components of the organisation (Smith et al., 2012).The major concern in Canada remains to be diabetes, which is leading towards the third highest rate of mortality (Tchouaket et al., 2012). Canada is graded B for its health performance. Canada stands third in the terms of mortality rate. The number of deaths is mainly associated with diabetes and its incidence rate is found to increase (Eijkenaar et al., 2013). Therefore, it has turn out to be a major health concern for the administrators, stakeholders and policy makers. Canada receives A grade in the category of premature mortality, mortality due to circulatory diseases and self-reported health (Kassebaum et al., 2014). It receives B grade in the category of mortality due to respiratory diseases, life expectancy, mortality due to medical accidents and mortality due to mental disorders (Janssen, 2013). Australias health expenditure measured as the percentage of GDP in 2010 was observed to be lesser than Canada (Smith et al., 2012). In the year 2011-2012, hospitals were the leading cause of the health expenditure. Hospitals comprise to be 97% of the total area in health expenditure with other being miscellaneous purposes such as new buildings. 20% of the health expenditure constitutes of the medical services. This includes services in acute care facilities, primary health facilities and that provided by general practitioners (Le cours Bland, 2013). Drugs and other chemicals comprises of 14%, dental services constitutes to be of 7% (Sussman et al., 2012). On the contrary, the health expenditure in Canada, in 2013 was calculated to be 11.8% of the total gross domestic product (Brown et al., 2014). It is observed to be 1.6% above than the average set by the OECD, which is 9.5% (Foroughi et al., 2016). Compared to Australia, Canada has a lesser health expenditure. In all most all of the OECD countries, public institutions mainly provide the funding (Deber, 2014). Two countries that are exceptional to these funding includes United States and Chile (Fineberg et al., 2012). In Canada the public source, financing contributes to 75% of the health expenditure as reported in 2012. Here it is less than the average of 74% set by the OECD (Eijkenaar et al., 2013). In conclusion, it can be said that the comparative study related to the health care system in Australia and Canada, has clearly highlighted the governance system, funding system and the overall performance in health system. The essay has clearly discussed the health indicators such as mortality rate, health status, and life expectancy at birth, the prevalence of obesity, asthma, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer. The essay also provides the percentage of GDP expended on health. There is a high similarity between both the chosen countries. Both Australia and Canada were found to have efficient, safe and effective health care services. In both the countries the main objective of regionalisation was to accomplish greater accuracy and efficiency in consumption of health care resources and decrease the cost of escalation. The issue of governance involving the public participation in decision system is paid less attention in Australia. The public opinion is different from the decision of more state involvement in health operations. It can be said based on the literature review that Compared to Canadians the Australians are more apathetic in regards to reformation of public institutions and structures. However, they both lack behind when compared with other countries in terms of their advancement in health sector. Both these provinces must enhance their medical care services, as health is the foundation of healthy nation. Australia ranks higher than Canada in all of the indicators but is lower than Germany and U.S. In Australia, the life expectancy decreases with increasing remoteness. Therefore, in indigenous population, the Torres Strait Islanders experienced worse health than any other communities did (Walls et al., 2012). The aboriginals in Canada were in much better position than aboriginals in Australian. Australia must overcome its health service discrimination between the Indigenous and non-indigenous Australians. In Canada, the patient first approach should be more focused on rather than on different governing structures. Both the above countries have underwent several health reforms since last two days, there still remains a challenge in rising costs and workforce related to health care. These issues need to be paid more attention. Overall, it was an interesting area to work on. This comparative study has given a clear concept on the healthcare management of Australia and Canada and there scenarios in past and present. The literature review was interesting as it gave a deep insight of the subject. References Bourke, L., Humphreys, J. S., Wakerman, J., Taylor, J. (2012). Understanding rural and remote health: a framework for analysis in Australia.Health Place,18(3), 496-503. Brown, S., Castelli, M., Hunter, D. J., Erskine, J., Vedsted, P., Foot, C., Rubin, G. (2014). How might healthcare systems influence speed of cancer diagnosis: A narrative review.Social Science Medicine,116, 56-63. Deber, R. B. (2014). Thinking about accountability.Healthcare policy= Politiques de sante,10(Spec issue), 12-24. Eijkenaar, F., Emmert, M., Scheppach, M., Schffski, O. (2013). Effects of pay for performance in health care: a systematic review of systematic reviews.Health.